Understanding Hypodontia: When Babies Are Born Without Teeth

Babies are typically born with all the necessary tooth buds for both their primary and permanent teeth, even if they aren't yet visible. However, genetic factors or developmental events can sometimes alter the formation of these teeth beneath the gums. When a child is born missing one or more tooth buds, this condition is known as hypodontia. According to the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD), primary teeth usually erupt by age three, while most permanent teeth emerge between 12 and 14 years old, excluding wisdom teeth. Hypodontia specifically refers to the absence of one to five of these primary or permanent teeth. A review published in BioMed Research International indicates that hypodontia is a result of both genetic predispositions and environmental influences like trauma or infection. It is also recognized as the most common craniofacial malformation in humans, with its prevalence ranging from 1.6% to 6.9% across different populations. Several terms are used to describe specific forms of hypodontia: Congenitally missing teeth (CMT): This describes a condition where tooth buds fail to form properly within the gums of an unborn child. Tooth agenesis: This term is used when teeth simply do not develop. Oligodontia: This refers to the absence of six or more teeth. Anodontia: This is the complete lack of all teeth. CMT more commonly impacts permanent teeth than baby teeth, as highlighted in a review in the Dental Research Journal (DRJ). The permanent teeth most frequently affected include one or more of the four wisdom teeth, the upper lateral incisors, and the second premolars, according to the American College of Prosthodontists. Missing teeth can significantly impact a person's ability to chew and their self-confidence in their smile. Furthermore, missing teeth can lead to functional problems, as adjacent teeth may shift into the empty spaces, altering the bite. Ultimately, hypodontia can contribute to speech difficulties, gum damage, and insufficient bone growth, as noted by the DRJ review. Early and regular dental visits during childhood are crucial for many reasons, including fostering preventive dental care habits for long-term oral health. Preventive dental X-rays during these visits are also very important, as NORD states they can often detect if any teeth are missing. With the aid of X-rays, a dentist can then assess the child's mouth, diagnose any missing teeth, and collaborate with the parents to plan appropriate tooth replacement options. If one or more teeth are missing, a dentist will likely recommend replacement solutions such as removable partial dentures, fixed bridges, or dental implants. In some cases, orthodontic treatment can also be used to close gaps between teeth, according to the DRJ review. Whether a child is born without certain teeth or is older and missing adult teeth, working closely with a dental team can help find functional and aesthetically pleasing solutions to ensure a full and healthy smile.